El Niño drought premium in grains

The textbook trade — El Niño droughts Australia, wheat rallies — tested across six grain instruments and four horizons. Nothing survives, and the significant results carry the wrong sign.

Conclusion: Null

No effect at any horizon tested, across 24 tests.

Every test, against the significance threshold

persistence-robust p · left is stronger evidence
00.050.250.51ZW=FZW=FZW=FZW=FZC=FZC=FZC=FZC=FZS=FZS=FZS=FZS=FZR=FZR=F
Filled markers fall below the 0.05 threshold before multiple-testing correction; hollow markers do not. Correction is applied across the whole batch, so an individual marker clearing the line is not a result on its own.
Tests
24
ticker × horizon
p < 0.05
0
uncorrected
Best q
0.95
BH-FDR
Survived
0
q ≤ 0.10

Method

Hypothesis

El Niño suppresses rainfall across eastern Australia and northern India during the southern growing season; wheat is the most exposed major because Australia is a swing exporter into Asia.

Rule

signal = soi_3m # 3-month mean SOI
prior = -1 # lower SOI -> higher returns
function test(instrument, horizon h):
y = sum(returns[instrument], t+1 .. t+h) # strictly forward
x = signal[t] # known at t
beta, t_stat = OLS(y ~ x) with Newey-West HAC, lag = h + 1
# null: slide x against y by every admissible offset, so
# persistence appears identically under the null
null = [slope(y, roll(x, k)) for k in all offsets]
p = (count(abs(null) >= abs(beta)) + 1) / (len(null) + 1)
return beta, t_stat, p
reject if Benjamini-Hochberg q <= 0.10 across the whole study

Analysis

Conventional inference against a persistence-robust null

Corn at six months returns a Newey–West t-statistic of 3.30 and a p-value of 0.001. Under the persistence-robust null it returns 0.98, and its coefficient carries the opposite sign to the hypothesis.

The three-month SOI has an autocorrelation of 0.93, and overlapping forward returns share five of every six months. Two persistent series correlate by accident far more often than the t-distribution admits. The circular block-shift test preserves both series exactly — autocorrelation, seasonality, fat tails — and slides one against the other, so persistence appears identically under the null and cannot manufacture significance.

Evaluation

Table 1 · Every test in this hypothesis

forward return regressed on the SOI signal
ZW=F 1mZW=F 3mZW=F 6mZW=F 12mZC=F 1mZC=F 3mZC=F 6mZC=F 12mZS=F 1mZS=F 3mZS=F 6mZS=F 12mZR=F 1mZR=F 3mZR=F 6mZR=F 12mWEAT 1mWEAT 3mWEAT 6mWEAT 12mCORN 1mCORN 3mCORN 6mCORN 12m+3.3-3.3
InstrumentHorizonnβHAC tShift pSign as predicted
ZW=F1m310-0.0002-0.380.368yes
ZW=F3m308-0.0003-0.200.455yes
ZW=F6m305-0.0015-0.650.293yes
ZW=F12m299-0.0069-1.500.113yes
ZC=F1m310+0.0007+1.210.875no
ZC=F3m308+0.0020+1.350.853no
ZC=F6m305+0.0018+0.880.735no
ZC=F12m299-0.0039-1.210.276yes
ZS=F1m308+0.0005+0.980.825no
ZS=F3m306+0.0012+0.950.803no
ZS=F6m303+0.0004+0.220.605no
ZS=F12m297-0.0055-1.840.076yes
ZR=F1m320+0.0003+0.630.695no
ZR=F3m318+0.0010+0.860.713no
ZR=F6m315-0.0001-0.020.515yes
ZR=F12m309-0.0055-1.230.204yes
WEAT1m176+0.0000+0.030.519no
WEAT3m174+0.0014+0.930.868no
WEAT6m171+0.0033+1.090.913no
WEAT12m165+0.0033+0.600.748no
CORN1m191+0.0010+2.170.970no
CORN3m189+0.0035+2.890.982no
CORN6m186+0.0063+3.300.976no
CORN12m180+0.0067+2.470.911no
Shift p is the persistence-robust p-value and is the one that decides. HAC t is shown to demonstrate how far conventional inference overstates the evidence.

Reference

Instruments

last price and one-month change, live from Yahoo Finance
SymbolNotes
CORNTeucrium Corn Fund — exchange-traded fund listed on NYSEArca, in USD.
WEATTeucrium Wheat Fund — exchange-traded fund listed on NYSEArca, in USD.
ZC=FCorn — continuous futures on CBOT, quoted in US cents.
ZR=FRough Rice — continuous futures on CBOT, in USD.
ZS=FSoybeans — continuous futures on CBOT, quoted in US cents.
ZW=FChicago SRW Wheat — continuous futures on CBOT, quoted in US cents.

Sample

1970–2026 monthly

Sources

Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. Southern Oscillation Index. The Long Paddock. Monthly, 1876–. www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/soi/soi-data-files
Yahoo Finance. Historical market prices. Adjusted close, month-end. Retrieved with yfinance. finance.yahoo.com

Revision history

RevStageStatusChange
01DraftDirection and criteria fixed before the experiment ran
02TestedNull24 tests; 0 below p=0.05, none surviving FDR
algorithmic-trading-anthology-july-2026-el-nino-drought-premium-in-grains | d/rksci